Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Lowering The Drinking Age Of The Age - 981 Words

However, there are those who remain persistent in their requests to drop the drinking age to a slightly lower option. Opposition to the legal drinking age of twenty-one has shown to have some support from mostly younger groups of people, without much validation as to why a lowered drinking age would be beneficial to our country as a whole. Yet, there are still some interesting arguments for those in favor of dropping the age at which it is legal to drink to eighteen. Consider how many young adults choose to drink illegally on a regular basis. According to the National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, by age fifteen roughly half of all teenagers have had their first drink, and that by age eighteen roughly seventy percent of all teenagers have had a drink (â€Å"Underage Drinking† np). The truth is, underage drinking is a common issue in America. Lowering the drinking age is believed by many to be a solution to reducing underage drinking. The idea is that if the drinking age is lowered; those under the age of twenty-one who will then fit in the legal drinking age category, will not find drinking as appealing as it was before it was legalized for their age group. Eventually, drinking alcohol will start to become the norm and will not feel like the â€Å"cool† thing to do anymore. This will result in a lowered number of teenagers drinking, cutting out the large majority who drink as a way to fit in at social gatherings. With an increasing maturity level that can be seen in theShow MoreRelatedLowering the Drinking Age1523 Words   |  7 Pages According to Andrew Herman, â€Å"Each year, 14,000 die from drinking too much. 600,000 are victims of alcohol related physical assault and 17,000 are a result of drunken driving deaths, many being innocent bystanders† (470). These massive numbers bring about an important realization: alcohol is a huge issue in America today. Although the problem is evident in Americans of all ages, the biggest issue is present in young adults and teens. In fact, teens begin to feel the effects of alcohol twice asRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesBryan Blejski ENG 101-010 Ms. Abbott 28 July 2011 Not Lowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There areRead MoreNot Lowering The Drinking Age989 Words   |  4 PagesNot Lowering the Drinking Age There are many different views on drinking alcohol, especially underage drinking. Everyone has different views on the drinking age. Some think it should be lowered and others believe that it should be raised. Then some believe that it should remain the same at the age of twenty-one years old. Keeping the alcohol consumption age at twenty-one limits the dangers of not only those under twenty-one, but other people in the community. Lowering the drinking age will causeRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age1576 Words   |  7 PagesComposition I April 6, 2014 Why the Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-One The United States drinking age throughout all 50 states has been the same since 1984 when a law was put in place by the U.S. Congress punishing all states who did not abide by the legal age limit of 21. Since this law was put into place, it has become one of the most widely studied laws in history. While there are many arguments and new bills being created to reduce this age, especially among college universitiesRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age1336 Words   |  6 PagesStudies show that keeping the drinking age at twenty-one improves lives. When the United States raised the age limit to twenty-one in 1985, a shortage of drinking occurred at a whopping 40% by 1991. As a result, fewer students drop out of high school, less motor accidents occur, and suicides rates dropped significantly. However, lowering the drinking age to eighteen will bring serious consequences on young adults by reversing these statistics. Lowering the drinking age will cause significant healthRead MoreLow ering the Drinking Age1223 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What we’re doing now to prevent underage drinking isn’t working; it’s time to try something else.† Although many people argue that the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1964, which lowed the drinking age from eighteen to twenty one, was a good idea. David J Hanson a professor in the State University of New York believed that something needs to be done to make the United States a safer place to live. Is it fair that people in the United States can serve in the military, vote in elections, serveRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Although most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1429 Words   |  6 Pagesand Thailand are others – with a minimum drinking age over 18† (Griggs, 1). When Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, its goal was to reduce less-mature adults from consuming alcohol and performing reckless acts (Cary, 1). However, despite the current drinking age, 17.5 percent of consumer spending for alcohol in 2013 was under the age of 21. It is estimated that â€Å"90 percent of underage drinking is consumed via binge drinking†¦with alcohol abuse becoming more prevalentRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age903 Words   |  4 Pageshelp myself get a better understanding about how others feel about lowering the legal drinking age in the United States and to better understand what role alcohol plays in p eople’s lives. The first question I asked for in my survey, was what the participant’s age was. I used this question to see if there was a difference on how different generations felt towards lowering the legal drinking age. I was expecting more people over the age of 25 to take the quiz because I didn’t know if younger adults wouldRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age857 Words   |  4 PagesAs we know, the United States has the highest drinking age in the world. By 1988 the entire U.S had adopted the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act, which set the drinking age to twenty-one. However, in 1920 the United States banned the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcohol. This era known as the Prohibition sparked the popularity of hidden underground bars and events. The Prohibition Era is a prime example of how people did anything to intake alcohol and eventually this led

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Mathematics and Astronomy - 791 Words

Mathematics helps human beings understand our complex universe. Astronomy guides scientists to the obvious basics and the deep secrets of the never-ending galaxies that surround planet earth. Mathematics is the base of astronomy, which made the discoveries of outer space possible. The foundation of astronomy was made possible through ancient mathematicians allowing various countries to participate in the learning of the universe. Many inventions and important findings were employed by the pairing of math and astronomy. Today, the two concepts have made many oppurtunities and wonders reality. The foundation of astronomy began with simple predictions and natural resources which occurred from 320 B.C to 620 A.D. The Babylonians used the motion of the moon to get an idea of the days that passed; however, they learned that the motion of the sun was non-uniform. They created a calendar with the best of their knowledge (Linton). The Mesopotamian civilization predicted eclipses and position s of the heavenly bodies by using the sun to measure latitude and longitude. They used tables in order to organize their findings. The Greeks founded geometry and they utilized sine, cosine, and tangent to predict eclipses. The civilizations came up with theories that dealt with the orbit and rotation of planets. Epicycles stated that planets orbit along a circular path whose center is at or near the earth. Eccentrics said that planets rotate around the sun which in turn rotates around the earthShow MoreRelatedMath s Relationship With Astronomy1225 Words   |  5 PagesMath s relationship with astronomy is one of the most unappreciated sciences to this day. Math has not only allowed us to begin to answer some of life s greatest questions that were only discussed in religion and story, but it has enabled us to see further than we have ever seen into the vast universe we exist in through astronomy. Math has often been described by the greatest minds our species as the language of the cosmos. The ability to do complex mathematics has allowed us as a species to learnRead MorePhysics 11373 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscoveries were in the field of astronomy, we cannot label him simply as an astronomer. He authored many important works including, Sidereal Messenger (also known as Starry Messenger), but unfortunately, due to the power of the Catholic church in his native Italy, his work in astronomy was widely rejected by his countrymen. His contributions to physics also place him in the ranks of the greatest scientists of all time. Without Galileo’s contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and physics, we would lackRead MoreHow was the Gupta Empire (India) scientifically advanced? Describes scientific achievements of the time.1594 Words   |  7 Pagesmedicine, mathematics, and astronomy that made the empire scientifically advanced. Many people fail to realize that countless things mistaken for solely modern-day science, for example, plastic surgery, existed ce nturies ago. Here, the technologies of the Gupta Empire (320-467), such as the development of a more accurate value for pi, the perfection of the modern numeral and decimal system; surgery, inoculation, the formulation of medical guides and a better calendar; and lunar astronomy, will beRead MoreA Study On Zu Chongzhi1582 Words   |  7 Pagesis a famous Chinese mathematician and Astronomer lived in 429-501 A.D., Zu had do various of mathematics in his life, he improve Chinese mathematical, and made China become a powerful mathematical countries in 1000 years ago. Zu has many contributions in Chinese mathematical and astronomy such as 7 digits of PI, zhuishu(Method of Interpolation, The definition of zhui is method of ancient Chinese astronomy, shu is book), and the Daming Calender. but Zu is live in a war age that caused many of Zu’sRead MoreCaroline Herschel : A Pioneer Of Her Time1188 Words   |  5 Pagescomets. She would be the first woman astronomer to earn a salary, acquire honors, and be accepted into scientific organizations† (AmazingSpace). She became an instrumental figure in the study of astronomy. Her work and achievements has broken monumental barriers and has expanded our knowledge of astronomy. Some of her work and documentation is still used today, approximately two hundered years later. On March 16, 1750, Caroline Lucretia Herschel was born to Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse MoritzenRead MoreThe Life of Carl Friedrich Gauss788 Words   |  3 PagesMathematicians have always formed a very important role in history. From the Greeks to the modern era, mathematicians have made spectacular discoveries and critical contributions to the world of mathematics. Because of great mathematicians, the human race is exploring and discovering unknown boundaries of space and technology. The life of Carl Friedrich Gauss was full of phenomenal adventures and discoveries. He was born in Brunswick, Germany on April 30th, 1777 to poor working class parentsRead MoreEssay on Early Life of Nicolaus Copernicus846 Words   |  4 Pagescollege called University of Cracow. where he studied Latin, mathematics, geography, philosophy, and Astronomy, but not the type of astronomy that you would think, it wasn’t really a scientific class in the modern sense. They were mathematics courses that taught Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s view of the universe so that students, and were also to calculate dates of holy days, and also courses for navigating the stars at sea. In his â€Å"Astronomy â€Å" class, they also taught what today we call Astrology. NicolausRead MoreJohannes Kepler Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolution. This can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus. Not only did he help the development of calculus, but he calculated the most exact astronomical tables known today. This accuracy did much to establish the truth of heliocentric astronomy, which states that the sun, and not the earth, was the center of the planetary system. Kepler was born in the small town of Weil der Stadt in Swabia, and moved to nearby Leon berg with his parents in 1576. His father was a mercenary soldier andRead MoreAfrican American Mathematician, Evelyn Boyd Granville Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesNational Bureau of Standards and people doubted her of how she could afford to go to Smith College. She basically worked hard and earned her first scholarship (Student Aid Society) from Smith College. Her major was Mathematics and also Astronomy at the time. She was very interested in Astronomy and graduated from Smith with distinction. After attending Smith, she earn offers from Michigan and Yale University. She chose Yale University because it offered more support to help her with financial assistanceRead MoreThe medieval Islamic world of science started as a controversial field to be working in. The1600 Words   |  7 Pagesmedieval scholars. However, they did add their own innovations, practices, and theories, and the contributions to the sciences were so significant and spread out, it is unbelievable to look back on them. These many fields include medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and civil engineering. Islamic scientists and doctors made many important contributions to the world of medicine, advancing the degree of medical treatment tremendously. Doctors were trained by and followed the teachings of Hippocrates

Saturday, December 14, 2019

The True Confession of Charlotte Doyle Free Essays

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle June 4, 2012 Ann Lee 8D â€Å"The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle† by Avi is about a thirteen-year-old girl, Charlotte Doyle, traveling from England to America, where her family was living. After the ship had left, she realized that she was the only female passenger on the ship, which was called Seahawk. Charlotte was an upper class and educated girl, unlike many of the sailors on the ship. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Confession of Charlotte Doyle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the fact that one of the sailors warned Charlotte about Captain Jaggery’s true side, Charlotte didn’t believe him and became friends with Captain Jaggery, who seemed like a gentleman to her. However, she realized that the captain was using her to get information and he was cruel to the sailors. Charlotte decided to join the rebels. The rebels wanted to kill the captain, who was cruel and mean to them, and Captain Jaggery was trying to prevent the sailors from rebelling against him. Clearly, there was a conflict between the rebels and Captain Jaggery. The climax of the story was when Captain Jaggery died by falling off the ship, and the conflict was also resolved, since the war between the rebels and Captain Jaggery was over. The main theme of this novel is the change of identity. Before her journey, she was just a rich, upper class girl, who was educated. But when she was on the ship with other sailors, she had to be one of them. She wore dirty clothes that she wasn’t allowed to wear at home and didn’t care about her manners and behaviors. Her parents always told her to behave like a lady, but her identity has changed when she was on the ship; she was acting like a different person. Clearly, change of identity took place in this novel. I like how this book was written in the perspective of a teenage girl, who is about my age. I could understand the character better, and read the book from her perspective. How to cite The True Confession of Charlotte Doyle, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Psychological contract free essay sample

In recent years, there exist many new types of economy in globalisation, and then it results in varying new types of job in which different job descriptions depending on different industries. More importantly, the role of employees is day by day appreciated as a core component in the development and the success of any organisational productivity and any company respectively. That is the reason why psychological contract needs to be invented in a new economy whilst loss of trade unions. Subsequently, this essay will not only clarify how the psychological contract is defined and how it is evaluated and applied in organisations in reality but also answer the question why a psychological contract is considered as so important in the management of the contemporary employment relationship. By definition, psychological contract has been stated as â€Å"a set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and the organisation† (Schein, 1978:48) and â€Å"†¦ the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other† (Guest and Conway, 2002:1). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological contract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, another perspective has been defined as â€Å"The psychological contract, unlike expectations, entails a belief in what the employer is obliged to provide, based on perceived promises of reciprocal exchange† (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994, p.246). On the other hand, as for the nature of the employment relationship, Wilton (2011) referred this concept to â€Å"what is written or implied in contract of employment or the other explicit manifestations of the employment relationship† or subjected to â€Å"constant change†. Hence, psychological contract is considered as a meaningful concept and initial understanding need to be established at the beginning between employers and employees. Broadly, the psychological contract is shaped by both individual factors (include age, gender, level of education and prior employment experience) and organisational factors (such as sector and competitive strategies) (Guest and Conway, 2004). These cause to impact on individual perceptions of â€Å"sense of fairness, degree of trust and deliver on the implicit deal† (Guest and Conway, 1997) and even determine the state of psychological contract. As a consequence, positive (e.g. job satisfaction, motivation, loyalty, lowered intention to quit, employee engagement or commitment,†¦) or negative (e.g. stress, intention to quit, disappointed,†¦) behavioural and attitudinal outcomes are recognised, which mediated by not only organisational influences of human resource policy and practise, job  alternatives, the behaviours and the actions of managers but also the individual perceptions of employees. Obviously, psychological contract is a reciprocal exchange has been established among employer and employee with implicit expectations, obligations and promises. Therefore, an individual employee could implicitly understand and believe that their hard-working and their contribution will be recognised and rewarded by employers’ perception although almost these things have not belonged to any employment contract before. After all, if not as expected, employees may feel that the psychological contract fails to breaches, and then resulting in dissatisfaction and loss of trust with their employers. In particular, employees having a positive psychological contract with their employers is when they have â€Å"positive employment relations, employee commitment, motivation, job satisfaction† (Preston, 2011) and they perceive other expectations have been done, so it is more likely to stay in the company. For example, employees have a â€Å"voice† in decision-making or problem-solving, a stability of job or job security, or job satisfaction, those of employees expressed by interesting job assignments, days-off or holidays, flexible working hours, good working conditions, challenging job tasks, given chances to gather employees together as well as other benefits of pay and allowances . What is more, they could be built a career or offered to involve in free training courses for extra qualifications and so forth. Likewise, when the demands of employees have been provided, they are treated with all respects, their efforts are rewarded, so actually they perceive what their employers have delivered on the deals and they feel motivated, engaged and committed to their employers. As a result, certainly they will be inspired to work harder and harder to reciprocate their employer’s offers. In brief, Guest (2001) argued that â€Å"employees having a positive psychological contract is the existence of a larger number of fair and effective human resource management practises in the business†. In contrast to a positive psychological contract, the problems come up with a negative psychological contract, leading to leave the business due to negative potential behaviours and attitudes. Accordingly, the implications of â€Å"the instability of the psychological contract and the considerable scope for misinterpretation† (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994) go along with multiple expectations from different parts of organisations will have â€Å"a cumulative impact on the  employment relationship which, ultimately, may result in either employee resignation or dismissal† (Wilton, 2011) as well. Importantly, all of that reach closely to a lowered effort, degraded enthusiasm and motivation, reduced goodwill, more stressful, partly caused by over working hours without any incremental wage, the working condition is worse or unsafe and so on; thus, it brings in lowered productivity and lowered outputs accompany with lowered loyalty to carry on working at all. In addition, the conflicts have been increasing gradually and the management becomes more difficult and harder for employers to get along with occurring disputes because of the fact that employees having a negative psychological contract may feel that they did not receive whatever from their employer throughout mutual adaption, reciprocal promises or even the most basic expectations, all of these seem not to be provided and they are stimulated to â€Å"fight for their right† any way. In short, Zhao et al. (2007) led to the conclusions that violation mediates relations between breach and such attitudes as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions, and that these attitudes are related negatively to such behaviours as in-role performance, and organizational citizenship behaviour (Emerald). However, issues of psychological contract management are not easy to handle in progress. Wilton (2011) addressed one of key of conflicts of those concerned with ensuring consistent messages and a clear communication across the organisation for â€Å"all employees receive the message and absorb the sense of organisational purpose† (Mason, 1995, p.22) or how to solve â€Å"multiple agency†-related disputes. Obviously, there are many organisations in which many different agents at a varying levels of management in a company; as a consequence, this will affect on the quality of delivery towards the missions, goals and strategies from the top management to the end-employees through line managers and other supervisor levels. Otherwise, for this reason, Wilton (2011) also suggested that it should set up an organisational culture in the entire company for the purposes of avoiding from misunderstanding or misinterpretation. Besides, managers also deal with the age-related issues regard to psychological contract. Specifically, in any organisation, it has no doubt regards to different levels of age work together with perception, thinking and the actions due to different experiences and generations. By which, based on the developmental theories,  Kupperschmidt (2000) and several authors in subsequent years (Beck, 2001; Smola and Sutton, 2002; Westerman and Yamamura, 2007) demonstrated that â€Å"it is these conditions that tend to distinguish one generation from the next, so that each generational group has a unique pattern of behaviour based on their shared experiences† (Emerald). Furthermore, it is important to note that the expectations are not fully known and understood between parties. Nobody can understand the thinking or expectations of each other in full without explicitly expressing because of the fact that individuals come from the different classes and statuses in society and they are not under a same qualification, environment and level; especially, the psychological contract is an implicit contract, so fully mutual understanding is not easy for both parties. From this perspective, it comes up with another problem given an account of how to manage cross-cultural employment relationship; that is, either employers or employees are from different background profiles, it makes the management and the matters of interpreting or motivating or getting mutual expectations are quite tougher as a consequence. It is said that â€Å"A successful cross-cultural relationship benefits the individuals concerned by developing understanding and tolerance. If the cross-cultural relationship fails, the reserve happens: stereotypes are reinforced, attitudes narrow, misunderstandings proliferate, and instead of gaining from the cultural variety, the organisation is in danger of flying apart as members seek to protect their own interests.† (Mead, 1994). In fact, although the communication between different cultures is likely to be complicated, everything certainly has the solution after all. Apart from those perspectives, employment relationship is more o r less affected by globalisation and technical advances in recent days. This is why psychological contract is affected by competition among companies and a dynamically changing labour market because most of companies demand to maximise efficiency, effectiveness and responsiveness in operations and human resource management policies. Consequently, it heavily impacts on psychological contract between parties, especially job security is decreased by increases in part-time or temporary employees and employees are required highly in skills, knowledge and experience. Also, it emphasises on arising of â€Å"new† psychological contracts (Rousseau and Parks, 1993), namely relational contracts â€Å"characterised by company-specific skills, long-term  career development and extensive training† and transactional contracts â€Å"which focus on short-term financial relationships and involve low emotional commitment by employees† (Emerald). On the other aspect, employees address higher expectations in psychological contracts to their employers including development opportunities in career, higher motivation, higher paid salary, more flexible working hours or more challenging works, etc. Nowadays, there would seem to be complicated and sophisticated in managing human resource that many companies appreciate and develop complex set of human resource management policies and practises owing to its essential role. As mentioned above, managers need to impose relevant and appropriate regulations and policies to motivate employees and maintain a positive psychological contract in the way they can work with their best; commonly, it is strongly associated with employees’ needs. Some specialists demonstrated through three motivation’s theories that managers should reply on such types of people (McGregor), the content of motivation (Maslow) and the process of motivation (Vroom). Firstly, Douglas McGregor’s (1960) introduced Theory X and Y, which are all about perception, in order to reveal what kind of people are and what managers need to do to keep them working. Secondly, Abraham Maslow’s (1943) suggested psychological need-based motivation in which people will behave in ways that satisfy their different levels of need when they are motivated. Based on Maslow’s hierarchy, many companies set out human resource management policies to meet employees’ needs. For instance, psychological (good working conditions, attractive wage or salary, subsidised housing and free or subsidised catering), safety (private health insurance cover, attractive pension provisions, safe working conditions, â€Å"no redundancy† policy), social-relationships ( company sports and social clubs, office parties, barbeques, outings, permission for informal activities and encouraging open communications), esteem (regular positive feedback, prestige job titles, photographs in company news sheet, promotions), self-actualisation (challenging job assignments, discretion over core work activities, promotion opportunities and encouraging creativity) (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1991, p. 61). Undoubtedly, those characteristics bring employees in a positive outcome of psychological contract that employers should note, especially in a dynamic labour market and a competitive economy these days. Finally, Victor Vroom’s (1964) stated that an individual’s  expectations that certain behaviours would lead to a particular outcome in terms of â€Å"subjective probability†. This theory suggests that an individual’s effort â€Å"inputs† affected by given reward and a good manager are advised to have a clear understanding the relationship between effort, performance and reward so as to apply in practises because this matter also regards to trade-off of work-life balance. As can be seen clearly, employees wish to work overtime because of incremental wage to support for their family; they could work harder but lack of time to take care of their family. So far, understanding psychological contract is viewed as a vital part in management, employers could â€Å"eliminate false assumptions about job duties, extra-role behaviours, and relational expectations† (Emerald) and then gain some usefulness like â€Å"increases in job performance, lower staff turnover and higher job satisfaction for both employee and supervisor† (Emerald). Apart from this view, most of companies have seen the major role of psychological contract management and have applied successfully in human resource management policies to maximise efficiency. Recently, temporary employees and flexible time are popular strategies used in many large companies due to its potential advantages in general and in psychological contract in particular. A research has been taken by IDS in 2012 also confirmed that â€Å"Flexible working continues to gain in popularity as employees place more value on their work-life balance. Many larger companies now offer a wide range of alternative working patterns and extend the right to request flexible working to all employees. They recognise that in doing so they can strengthen their employer brand, improve staff retention and increase employee engagement.† (www.ids.thomsonreuters.com). In some large companies, there is a connection of human resource management in the way which people are managed as â€Å"enhancing the skills, knowledge, learning and innovative capacity of people at every level, the organisation as well as the individual can prosper† (Harrison, 1997, p.7) with gaining competitive advantage, which is considered so important in recent global economy. So, it directly results in psychological contract as well with the actions and strategies related to how people perceive the relationship between performance, motivation and reward in the way of such actions like â€Å"†¦the communication of business directions, problems and plans; rewarding employees for customer service/quality; the identification of high-potential  employees early; the reward of employees for innovation/creativity and the reward of employees for business/productivity gains†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Poole and Jenkins, 1996). In conclusion, as can be seen clearly, psychological contract plays a major role in employment relationship and it is also a strong association between employees and organisations. It is said that a company’s success is partly based on psychological contract-related mutual understanding of both parties. Nowadays, in a changing and dynamic environment, any company also wants to seek to maximise effectiveness and efficiency and then they know they need to make strategic decisions which are all about the progresses of recruitment, selection, what kind of contract suitable to sign for every type of employees or how job tasks are designed and assigned to employees, etc. Importantly, to manage people at work successfully, it requires effective, creative and responsive human resource policies so that all of these characteristics contribute to the development of company. Additionally, in my opinion, managers should deploy such policies like empowering much more for employees in order that employees feel engaged to more responsibility due to autonomy and they feel raised creditability. Besides, managers not only can give feedback to employees owing to care-taking expression through work-based recognition of themselves but also â€Å"upgrade† a level of trust by the way in which employees have a right to join in decision-making or problem-solving. Finally, I want to mention the role of governmental policies regards to pay and other basic benefits that employees must be received from their employers whether these things belong to psychological contract or any other contracts or not since people are core component in the success of a company in particular and in the prosperity of a country in general.

Friday, November 29, 2019

20 Topics on Health Economics for a Presentation

20 Topics on Health Economics for a Presentation Health economics is a branch of economics that deals with the issues related to the production and consumption of health and health care. It also goes on to study health-affecting behaviors such as smoking. As this is one of the very interesting topics around, your instructor may ask you to delve deeply into the topic. In this case, you may either have to write a report or a presentation. If you need to write the latter on this subject, feel free to go over our 10 facts on health economics for a presentation. However, if you are strapped for time, the following 20 topics may just be the right fix for you to begin creating a presentation right away. The Need for Health Care vs. the Want for Health Care The Contribution and Effects of the Country’s HealthÃ' are Sector on its GDP An Overview of the Resources Required to Deliver and Sustain Basic Health Care and Treatments The Effects of Health Care Reforms and Policies on Private Organizations’ Profitability Healthcare as a Basic Human Right: The Pros and Cons of Providing Free Healthcare A Look at the Feasibility of a Universal Health Care System An Objective Look at the Pros and Cons of a Free Health Care Market Methods to Reduce the Risk of Adverse Selection The Differences between Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection and their Effects on Health Economics The Need to Educate Patients on the Costs Added to their Medical Bills The Role of Medical Resources in Increasing Life Expectancy Numbers Effective Solutions to Improve Infant Mortality Rates in the United States The Role of Hospitals in Setting the Prices of Treatments Reasons Patients Should Select Larger Medical Facilities to Avoid Costly Treatments The Adverse Effects of an Unplanned Influx in Health Care on the Overall Economic Balance The Role of a Stronger Health Care System and Nutrition Programs on the Throughput of the Employed Masses Solutions to Reduce the Wastage of Health Care Treatments Due to Issues such as Negligence A Framework to Ensure that Resources are Not Wasted on Low Quality Services The Effects of Hospital Expansions, Mergers and Consolidation on Independent Practices Quality of Service vs. Quantity: Choosing Patients and their Treatment over Profitability You can use these topics as is or narrow them down further. If you need more guidance on preparing your presentation, visit our page on how to write a presentation about health economics for an outline and general tips. The following lines provide a quick sample for you to go through. Sample Presentation: The Growth of Hospitals and its Effect on Individually Practicing Physicians Hospitals are in a very unique position when it comes to health economics. All over the country, they are constantly expanding and cutting costs; and that has a direct effect on the overall health system. The consolidation of hospitals is also on the rise, a method achieved by buying various practices and merging with private entities. The people running these hospitals are driving up the costs of treatments themselves. In the process, however, the expansion has affected individually practicing physicians. These expansions, which are clearly for profitability reasons, are justified as being an initiative to reduce waste and increase quality. The independent practices, unfortunately, are struggling with patient pressure and administration issues. Despite these, they are delivering quality services at lower prices. That is why private practices are considered a good choice for both patients and insurers. Unfortunately, the public is not aware of this. A staggering amount of 105 hospitals merged in 2012 alone and this has doubled in the past five years. In the last decade, hospitals have exponentially gathered a plethora of physicians under their payroll. Between the years 2000 and 2010, hospitals have hired physicians 32% more than they normally do. The majority of these physicians were individual practitioners. Hospitals have become a huge industry and they have people fooled by having them believe that their mergers and expansions have made the treatment costs lower. In most cases, the same treatment at a hospital can cost 200% more than at an independent practitioner. In a hospital, there are so many small bills patients receive for added facilities and additional services aside from the actual treatment. So not only can hospital acquisition and mergers be a strain on the patients pockets, but also the insurance companies. Insurance companies are paying billions of dollars more to hospitals than a physicians office. This may be hidden from the masses, but these statistics are what hospitals are constantly worried about. Their argument is that the consolidation of hospitals will reduce the waste, protect the atmosphere, and keep the prices down due to the economy of scales. They believe that these mergers and expansions can incentivize the competition to cut costs. If, for example, two hospitals are in close proximity to a huge number of beds and they merge, they would reduce the cost by utilizing their resources, which in this case is the huge number of beds. Also, health care insurance companies will also find it less costly to manage fewer hospitals than a huge number of them. These arguments by hospital owners are fake claims as the economy of scale is nowhere to be found and the quality of care, prices and costs are increasing every day. Safe to say is that the expansion of hospitals will not be doing hospitals and/or insurance companies and good. The only parties benefiting are the people behind the hospital administrations. There should be awareness about this comparison between hospitals and individual physicians because people need to know that even if their insurance is covering their treatment costs, this negligence can tilt the scale of health economics and raise the costs of everything, including the amount a general patient pays to an insurance company. You can definitely come up with a better topic and presentation. So, get ready to work hard on your upcoming PowerPoint presentation. Best of luck. References: Bhattacharya, J., Hyde, T., Tu, P. (n.d.). Health Economics. Gruber, J., Newquist, H. P. (2011). Health care reform: What it is, why its necessary, how it works. New York: Hill and Wang. Brill, S. (n.d.). Americas bitter pill: Money, politics, backroom deals, and the fight to fix our broken healthcare system. Monopolizing medicine: Why hospital consolidation may increase healthcare costs. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2016, from http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/medical-economics/content/tags/hospital-employment/monopolizing-medicine-why-hospital-consolidation-?page=full Drummond, M., Drummond, M. (2005). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Is the US Population Behaving Healthier? (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from nber.org/papers/w13013 Sloan, F. A., Hsieh, C. (2012). Health economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Definition of Immaterial Labor in Organizations

Definition of Immaterial Labor in Organizations Immaterial labor refers to work that is not visible. This kind of labor is usually based on computing because most tasks are performed using computers. Organizations are adopting this new trend to save money that would have been used to cater for employees’ benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Immaterial Labor in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also very cheap and efficient due to stiff competition in the job market. Federici argues that the youth and women are greatly affected by this form of labor. For instance women are not entitled to maternity leave thus they have to work without ceasing regardless of the circumstances (15). Workers in this field use more of their mind in handling information and they have to be very dynamic to increase their chances of securing a job. The employees here work as an independent entity with their own private space. In fact this labor resembles self employment in its performance. The freelancer has all the freedom to himself because he does not have to work full time. On the other hand he is not entitled to other compliments enjoyed by full time laborers. This because an employee works from home using his/her computer without someone to monitor his/her activities as long as the duties assigned to that employee are performed properly and within the specified time line. The advantage of this kind of labor to the employee is that although the wages or salaries are not that much the employee can save a lot of money since the job does not entail commuting. Performance in immaterial labor can only be hindered by failure of the various networks that are directly linked to create World Wide Web. During early days the capitalists used to misuse the skills of professionals by absorbing them into manufacturing factories. The employee’s voice could not be given a chance. Later on the increased demand of labor hiring w as not influenced by level of education because production relied on equipments that were scheduled to perform a given task more than once. Later on people who were learned realized they could liberate themselves by venturing into the world of freelancing. This meant that employees could no longer be confined within an office of a certain organization but they were transformed into social workers because their work entailed collecting details from consumers and describing commodities. The professionals then use computers to present their workloads.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The freelancer is then expected to employ scholastic cleverness, physical proficiency and private enterprise expertise because freelancing is like a sole business that requires self discipline to accomplish the set tasks on time. Social media such as Facebook has enabled companies to drive conversations through advertisements and messaging systems, hence freelance marketers (Grove, 1). Haelt and Megri insist that the freelancer is left to perform all the duties that would otherwise been done by other people all by himself (25). He has to establish healthy relationships with clients in order to survive in the job market. This can be done by making follow up calls to find out if his clients are satisfied with his services thus he is a manager to himself. It is somehow difficult to balance work and family life because work can be done from anywhere due to technological advancements. Companies such as Yahoo have been able to offer assistance for businesses in regards to marketing (Groove, 1). As immaterial labor, people no longer rely on physical work activities, but internet marketing. The freelancer does not seek motivation from anyone because he is motivated by the results he achieves in his work. Mistakes are appreciated by the freelancer when they occur because they create a learning opportunity. This is because experience is the best teacher of all norms hence the freelancer will find a way of preventing the recurrence of that mistake. In a capitalistic environment workers are subjected to frequent training seminars and workshops to help them improve their performance. Grove, Jennifer. More Than 250 Million People Use Facebook on Daily Basis. 16 Nov. 2010. Web. Grove, Jennifer. Yahoo Serves 6 Million Different Home Pages Per Day. 16 Nov. 2010. Web. Haelt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Immaterial Labor in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Federici, Silvia. Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation: Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia, 2004. Print.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Perform a rhetorical analysis of a work of your choosing Essay - 2

Perform a rhetorical analysis of a work of your choosing - Essay Example His words became a basis for us to understand the social and political condition of the era. It was a moment for the blacks and even those whites and others who were subjected to inequality and racial subjugation to see the bright future when all human beings irrespective of their caste, color or creed would be treated equally on all social, political and cultural levels. The speech took the form of political treatise with the words getting a political favor and a rhythmic tone while making the use of imagery, frequent repetition and alliteration. There is simplicity in the speech yet was quite forceful to shake the foundations of the American decrees. The first part espoused not the America of their dreams but shattering nightmares of Americans when they had to face racial abuse in every sphere of their lives. As King proclaimed, â€Å"we can never be satisfied† (226), had deep political overtures which challenged the white ruling government that just mere ‘wordsâ€℠¢ now would have no effect on them and they should get their dues. The second half of the speech took the shape of the verbatim voice further exhibiting the cause of freedom. Now was no time to involve in tranquilizing the spirit of freedom gradually but this was a time of a drastic change and to make promises that would change the lives of each American. Anaphoric device used by King made the speech the most powerful form of expression and increased the rhetorical impact. â€Å"I have a dream† is repeated eight times throughout the text and has become one of the most cited examples of anaphora. Similarly other words like â€Å"Now is the time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 6, â€Å"We must†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 8, and â€Å"Go back to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 14 are all repetitive words intentionally used many times to make the world understand the intensity and depth of what he was speaking. Through these words, he made people realized that these were not merely spoke n words but to put the same into practice. Repetition helps the people to remember the words and also to imbibe them in their mind, heart and soul and King ardently applied this technique to stimulate them to carry the momentum of their struggle forward and towards their successful end. Martin Luther King explicitly implied direct quotations from historical and literary works to give thrust to his speech and at the same time implicitly made use of the allusions to arouse the consciousness of the audience towards his words. â€Å"Five score years ago† in paragraph two of his speech from Gettysburg address had a deep emotional impact as the King spoke just at the Lincoln memorial. Referring to the United States Declaration of Independence, King retorted â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† (225) would be the norm in America and from the Jeremiah 2: 13 he urged, â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness an d hatred† (225). These pleas allowed the minds of all the listeners to get disposed towards his words as he said even the Declaration of the Independence and constitution had not given them their rights for which they were promised. By making people aware of this document, he insisted his brethren towards the real situation of racism which even after this promissory note was prevalent in their lives. King persuaded all to unite together for a common cause and be judged not by the color of their skin but by their attributes and character. These words created an

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Narcotics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narcotics - Research Paper Example A five year ban was imposed on people found with five grams of crack whereas a similar mandatory ban was imposed on people who possessed 500 grams of powder cocaine. It was because of this disparity that another act was implemented in year of 2010 known as The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010. This act lowered the ratio of possession of crack cocaine to powder cocaine in relevant terms of 100:1 into 18:1. The act has been praised by many authorities as it tends to lower down the disparity between the people who used to commit these crimes and also save millions of dollars for the government (FAMM 2011; Stewart 2010). The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 was signed by President Obama to lower the disparity between the crimes which involved powder cocaine or crack. The Act is not only being implemented for the people who will commit the crime but it is also being made retroactive so that people who are sentenced for the act are allowed some concession too. The Act was introduced after years of reports and research which proved that powder and crack were almost the same drugs with the same lethality. In 1995 the USSC issued a report to the Congress about the Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986. It put forward that 80% of the crack offenders were black and this was causing serious racial disparities between the races as these blacks were considering the Act to be biased. It was in 1995 that an act was being sought by the USSC regarding the disparity but such an attempt was rejected by the Congress then. In 2002 another report was filed by the USSC which put forward that pharmacologically the harmful effects of c rack were similar to that of powder cocaine. It also put forward that the amount of violence in the crimes involving crime were being exaggerated by the reports and was rather creating a disparity of races. In 2007 the USSC filed another report to the Congress which appealed

Monday, November 18, 2019

Write a short answer(no more than 600 words) for each of the following Essay

Write a short answer(no more than 600 words) for each of the following three questions after reading The Making Of A Quagmire by David Halberstam - Essay Example On the same note, one can also not help but to notice that crisis unites. In fact, the unrelenting existence of the American soldiers in the pretext of offering reinforcement and support for the Southern Vietnamese who were being attacked by the North, inspired to Vietnam’s the need for sovereignty. Moreover, their brutality on the locals’ property and families further stirred the locals to join hands to drive the common foe away from their territory (p. 12). The fact that they also had a lot at stake compared to the Americans, this made them even more determined to win the struggle. One person in Halberstam’s the making of quagmire worth mentioning is one Madam Ngo Dinh Nhu, the wife of Ngo Dinh the South Vietnam leader. Due to her mannerisms and behavior, she earned the title â€Å"dragon lady†. Her ruthlessness and insensitivity is evident in the adoption of an imperious manner and insensitivity as well as uncaring attitude toward anyone or anything outside the ruling family clique. Indeed, majority of the Vietnamese considered her as the sex-dictatress. On a positive note, she can be regarded as a determined woman, who instead of watching her husband and his brother running the country, she is in the forefront of establishing her own female militia, the Women’s Solidarity Movement (p. 32). The book also brings to the reader’s realization that the women behind men in political power are often sources of power themselves. Madame Nhu also seems to portray the picture a hypocritical leader’s wife who uses her position to jeopar dize and intimidate the public. In fact, Halberstam (p. 32) indicates that presents that â€Å"there was a cabinet, whose ministers had responsibility but no power and who lived in mortal fear of Madame Nhu†. An insightful analysis shows that the only party that revealed the truth and was right about the nature of the Vietnam War was the press, Halberstam included. They presented all the fact about the war and even

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Corporate Governance Practices of Indian Companies

Corporate Governance Practices of Indian Companies The paper uses disclosure scores to examine corporate governance practices of Indian listed companies. A content analysis of 50 companies listed on the NSE has been carried out. A disclosure index compiled by SP has been developed to determine how much listed Indian companies disclose. This study reveals that Indian companies are quite transparent. The research findings shall enable the investors in estimating how much disclosure listed Indian companies make. It will also add to the increasingly inadequate literature relating to corporate governance and disclosure practices in developing countries. This study though has limitations since the focus lies only on 50 companies listed on the NSE which are the largest and most followed stocks and may not represent all Indian companies. Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Corporate governance has received increased importance in the aftermath of collapses of large companies worldwide such as Enron and WorldCom. Economies worldwide are now realizing the importance of good governance (Standard Poors 2008). The developed countries realized the importance of governance mainly following corporate scandals of the west (Reed, 2002). In some cases these scandals led to a direct response e.g. the Cadbury Report (Boyd, 1996 cited in Reed, 2002, p.228). On the other hand, in developing countries such as Brazil and India, poor economic performance had often led to economic crisis. Consequently, these countries came under the control of bodies such as International Monetary Fund and World Bank. These bodies impose many regulations which require increased attention to governance issues (Reed, 2002). As opposed to developed countries, developing countries paid no attention to governance issues until the financial crisis of East Asia in the late 90s (Oman C., 2003, Mangena and Tauringana, 2007). However, Sobhan and Werner (2003) view that these countries started giving importance to governance issues not because of the East Asian financial crisis but by problems in their own financial markets. Goswami (2003) reiterates this by writing that corporate governance movement began in India due to some corporate scandals that came to the forefront during the first phase of economic liberalization in the country in 1991. Transparency and disclosure are at the heart of corporate governance. Transparency and disclosure helps reduce the information gap between the management of a company and its shareholders and thus helps resolving agency issues in corporate governance (Patel, Balic and Bwakira, 2002). Background Fig. 1 below depicts clearly that India ranks quite high among the developing countries with respect to its governance practices next only to South Africa and Poland. Figure : Governance Ratings of Developing Countries, 2008 (Source: Governance Metrics International) Corporate Governance in India As opposed to developed countries, developing countries paid no attention to governance issues until the financial crisis of East Asia in the late 90s (Oman C., 2003, Mangena and Tauringana, 2007). However, Sobhan and Werner (2003) view that these countries started giving importance to governance issues not because of the East Asian financial crisis but by problems in their own financial markets. Goswami (2003) reiterates this by writing that corporate governance movement began in India due to some corporate scandals that came to the forefront during the first phase of economic liberalization in the country in 1991. One of these was a major securities scam of over Rupees 35 billion (Rupee 1 =  £ 0.0125, approx.) that was uncovered in April 1992 which involved a diversion of funds from the banking system to stock brokers for financing their operations. Bank executives, brokers and even politicians came under the scanner. The stock market had to be shut down for an extended period. Investors and brokers panicked. This led to the first step towards corporate governance in India when the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was created by an act of Parliament to protect the interest of investors in the securities market and to regulate the stock market (Goswami, 2003). In 1998, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), an industry association published Indias initial corporate governance code, the implementation of which was voluntary by companies and thus very few companies adopted it. Until 2000, the CII Code was Indias only corporate governance guideline. In 1999 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), constituted a committee to promote and raise the standards of corporate governance in India which was patterned on UKs 1992 Cadbury Report. On the recommendations of this committee, a new clause 49 was incorporated in the Stock Exchange Listing Agreements (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Listing Agreementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?). Since 2001, the CII Code has been supplemented by Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement (SEBI, 2003). These corporate governance requirements are applicable to all listed companies in India (Government of India, 2009 and SEBI, 2009). Aims, Objectives and Research Questions The aim of the research is to develop an understanding of the practices of corporate governance in developing economies by investigating the disclosure practices of Indian listed companies. This study will cover 50 companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) which comprise the NIFTY which is the benchmark index of the NSE. SP CNX Nifty is a well diversified index comprised of 50 stocks across 23 sectors of the economy. The objectives of this study are: To develop an understanding of the importance of corporate governance and transparency and disclosure using literature review; To examine Practices of corporate governance of listed Indian companies using content analysis by studying annual reports of the companies and allocating disclosure scores. The study addresses the following research question: RQ1. How far are Indian listed companies transparent and how much do they disclose? Structure of the project The rest of the research is organized as follows. Chapter 2 provides a review of the relevant literature followed by research design and methodology in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents the findings and discussion. The study ends with chapter 5, conclusion which outlines the main points and findings of this study together with limitations and also raises future research questions. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction In the sections that follow, the existing literature on corporate governance and disclosure is reviewed. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part discusses the importance of corporate governance; the second part presents the agency theory. The third part provides a discussion of the importance of disclosure and transparency and its relation with corporate governance. Corporate Governance is an issue of growing importance in developing countries. The Cadbury Report (1992) defines corporate governance as the system by which businesses are directed and controlled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? -The preamble of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Principles, 2004 (OECD) Though there have been several studies on corporate governance in developed countries, very little work has been done on developing countries. Most studies have been limited to specific countries. Developing countries encounter a lot of problems such as less developed and illiquid capital markets, economic uncertainties, and weak legal controls and investor protection (Rabelo and Vasconcelos, 2002). Due to these reasons, effective corporate governance in these countries is essential (Tsamenyi, Enniful-Adu and Onumah, 2007). Importance of Corporate Governance Good corporate governance in companies and also across the whole economy helps in providing a level of assurance necessary for the appropriate performance of a market (OECD, 2004). If the governance is weak, equity markets will be thin and thus there will be slower economic growth. On the other hand, in countries where corporate governance systems are strong (like stronger accounting standards), better investment and growth performance can be achieved (Gugler, et al., 2003). Institutions when making investment decisions, give a lot of importance to the fact as to whether the companies follow the basics of corporate governance. Thus if countries wish to attract capital for a long time, they must follow the globally accepted governance principles. Good governance also helps increase the confidence of investors within the country and thus helps reduce the cost of capital (OECD, 2004; La Porta et al, 1998; Bopkin Isshaq, 2009). Foreign investors refrain from investing in developing countries because of weaker governance mechanisms in these countries (Mangena Tauringana, 2007). Thus, companies needing external financing in the future should start adopting better governance measures in the present (Klapper et al, 2004). Many authors support the view that for the development of capital markets, effective governance mechanisms are very crucial (Rabelo Vasconcelos, 2002; Levine Zervos, 1998; Rajan Zingales, 1998). Capital markets can function efficiently if there is effective flow of information between the company and its stakeholders (Akhtaruddin, 2005). Agency Theory Many theories such as stakeholder theory, agency theory among others, express the importance of transparency and disclosure. This paper uses the agency theory as a theoretical framework and models that effective corporate governance practices including transparency and disclosure help resolve agency problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" such as extraction of personal gain by majority shareholders and under or over-investment (Aksu and Kosedag, 2006). Agency theory models the relationship between the principal and the agent (Barako, Hancock and Izan, 2006). Agency relationship is a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another (agent) to perform some work on their behalf. Thus the shareholders (the principal) delegate the decision making function to the manager (or the agent) (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This separation of ownership and control leads to the incurring of certain costs also known as agency costs (viz. expenses incurred by the principal to monitor agents activities) which are not incurred if the owner and manager are the same person (Barako, Hancock and Izan, 2006). In an agency relationship, managers have an information advantage which they may misuse for their own personal interest. Conversely it may so happen that agents may disclose more information to enhance the value of the firm and to increase the flow of investment in the company by reducing the cost of the agency relationship (Bara ko, Hancock and Izan, 2006). Patel et al. (2002) opine that the agency problem in corporate governance can be resolved in many ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" by a vigilant board of directors, by timely, accurate and sufficient disclosure of financial information and by transparency in the ownership structure. This study deals with one aspect, viz. disclosure and transparency. Disclosure and Transparency Transparency and disclosure are at the heart of corporate governance. The OECD Principles of corporate governance (2004) state that the corporate governance structure of any association should make sure that well-timed and precise disclosure of all important matters of the organization pertaining to its performance, ownership and overall governance is made. Transparency and disclosure (TD) practices followed by firms are an important component and one of the main indicators of the quality of corporate governance (Aksu and Kosedag, 2006). Companies mainly disclose through their annual reports; thus these should contain information that will allow its users to make correct decisions on efficient use of scarce resources (Akhtaruddin, 2005). In fact, a lot of what a company discloses in its annual reports and financial statements reflect its corporate governance quality (Bokpin and Isshaq, 2009). A firm if makes correct and adequate disclosure, reduces information asymmetry thereby reducing investors risk (Bushman and Smith, 2001). Similarly, Lang and Lundholm (1996) view, that by removing asymmetry in information, disclosure and transparency reduce the level of surprises relating to a firms performance thereby making its stocks less volatile. Chapter 3: Research Methodology With the aim of examining the disclosure practices of Indian listed companies, the focus of this study is the examination of annual reports of listed Indian companies using content analysis. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first deals with research design which is content analysis for this research. The second part presents the method of collection and data analysis. Research Design Research design embodies a structure which directs the implementation of a research method and the data analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2007). It tries to describe the best way to design the research so that the best data for the research can be obtained (Lee and Lings, 1975). The research designs that may be employed include experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory, ethnography, archival research, content analysis among others (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2009). The aim of this research is to examine the disclosure practices of listed Indian companies. Annual reports are intended to disclose information about the companys activities and performance to shareholders and other stakeholders. In order to examine the level of disclosure, in lines with previous research, this study seeks to identify the presence or absence (disclosure or non disclosure) of certain identified corporate attributes in the annual reports of the companies. An examination of annual reports of companies could be one of the justifiable ways of assessing their disclosure practices; consequently, the research design used is one of content analysis. Content analysis is an analysis of documents and texts (which may be printed or visual) that seeks to quantify content in terms of pre-determined categories and in a systematic and objective manner. Objectivity ensures that there is transparency in the procedures for assigning the data to categories so that analysts personal biases are ruled out to a large extent (Bryman and Bell, 2007). This study entails analysis of annual reports of listed Indian companies by quantifying content in terms of pre defined categories. Content analysis has been conducted on annual reports by a number of researchers such as Tsamenyi et al. (2007) and Patel et al. (2002) among others, as they are a good instrument to measure comparative positions and trends in reporting. As a technique for collecting data, it involves codifying qualitative and quantitative information into pre-defined categories in order to derive patterns in the presentation and reporting of information (Guthrie et al., 2004). The following paragraphs explain the method of collection of data, its quantification and classification and its analysis. This study uses the method of content analysis which itself is not free from limitations. The major limitation is the subjectivity involved in coding (Frost and Wilmshurst, 2000). In order for valid inferences to be drawn from content analysis, the reliability of both the data and the instrument of collecting and coding the data must be achieved (Milne and Adler, 1999). This research uses the coding method used by many previous researchers such as Patel et al. (2002) and Tsamenyi et al. (2007) and hence can be regarded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reliable. Data Collection and Analysis This study entails the examination of annual reports of Indian companies. Data is collected on 50 companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and representing the NIFTY, which is literally the barometer of the Indian Capital Market. The sample thus consists of 50 companies listed on the NSE. The SP CNX Nifty is the National Stock Exchange of India Ltds main exchange. The CNX Nifty tracks the performance of a portfolio of blue chip companies, which are the largest and most liquid of the Indian securities. It consists of 50 of about 935 companies listed on the NSE consisting approximately of 60% of the market capitalization and reflects correctly the Indian stock market. The SP CNX Nifty consists of 22 sectors of the Indian economy (Standard Poors, 2010). This research studies the annual reports of these 50 companies. Analysis is limited to only one year because disclosure practices usually do not change dramatically over time (Botosan, 1997). All annual reports are available online on the respective company websites and have been accessed thus. The annual reports studied for most of the companies are for 31st March 2010. All data has been collected from annual reports of 50 companies which make up to 60% of the total market capitalization. Annual reports are one of the most important devices to convey information and are hence the principle focus of the disclosure index (Alsaeed, 2006). This study uses 98 attributes in all to measure corporate governance and extent of disclosure in India (Appendix 2). These attributes have been compiled by Standard Poors and used in many previous studies on disclosure. Using an objective methodology, annual reports are analyzed for common disclosure items grouped into three sub- categories: Ownership structure and investor relations Financial transparency and information disclosure Board and management structure and process A Transparency and Disclosure Score is developed for every company from a binary evaluation of the number of items present in their annual reports, i.e. if a company discloses a particular attribute, a score of 1 is awarded and if not a score of 0 is awarded. This paper analyzes the TD score for 50 Indian companies representing the NIFTY. Previous studies on disclosure and corporate governance such as those by Patel et al. (2002) and Tsamenyi et al. (2007) had followed a similar approach. Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion This chapter presents the findings of this study and also compares the same with previous studies. A disclosure index has been constructed based on a thorough and rigorous examination of the annual reports of the sample companies. Disclosure is defined as the appearance of an item of information in the annual reports of the companies under study (Karim and Ahmed, 2005). If an item is disclosed in the annual report, a score of 1 has been awarded and if the item is not disclosed, then a score of 0 is awarded for that attribute. Thus this disclosure method measures the overall disclosure index (ODI) of a company as additive as follows: Where, d=1 if the item di is disclosed d=0 if the item di is not disclosed n=number of items 4.1 Disclosure Scores and Descriptive Statistics The disclosure scores for each firm are presented both as actual scores and as percentage of the total number of attributes assessed in annual reports. The overall level of disclosure and disclosure score together with the percentage is presented in Table 1 below. Overall, disclosure and transparency register an average score of 72.04 which is quite good. Considerable variation can be noticed in the disclosure practices among the sample companies in India with a range of 54-82. The descriptive statistics are presented in Table 2. Table 1: Disclosure Scores Company Names Disclosure Scores % of Score ACC Ltd. 80 80% Ambuja Cements Ltd. 56 56% Axis Bank Ltd. 76 76% Bajaj Auto Ltd. 75 75% Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. 68 68% Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. 69 69% Bharti Airtel Ltd. 78 78% Cairn India Ltd 73 73% Cipla Ltd. 72 72% DLF Ltd. 73 73% Dr Reddys Ltd. 75 75% Gail India Ltd. 76 76% HCL Technologies Ltd. 54 54% HDFC Bank Ltd. 71 71% Hero Honda Motors Ltd. 74 74% Hindalco Industries Ltd. 54 54% Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 70 70% Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd 72 72% ICICI Bank Ltd. 77 77% ITC Ltd 78 78% Infosys Technologies Ltd. 82 82% Infrastructure Development Finance Co. Ltd 81 81% Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. 76 76% Jindal Steel Power Ltd 75 75% Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. 75 75% Larsen Toubro Ltd. 74 74% Mahindra Mahindra Ltd. 65 65% Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. 64 64% NTPC Ltd. 62 62% ONGC Ltd. 65 65% Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. 65 65% Punjab National Bank 65 65% Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd 54 54% Reliance Capital Ltd. 75 75% Reliance Communications Ltd. 81 81% Reliance Industries Ltd. 82 82% Reliance Infrastructure Ltd. 76 76% Reliance Power Ltd 77 77% Sesa Goa Ltd 75 75% Siemens Ltd 74 74% State Bank of India 74 74% Steel Authority of India Ltd 75 75% Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. 62 62% Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. 63 63% Suzlon Energy Ltd 75 75% Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. 76 76% Tata Motors Ltd. 75 75% Tata Power Ltd. 80 80% Tata Steel Ltd. 81 81% Wipro Ltd. 77 77% . Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of Dependent and Independent Variables Mean Range No. of firms Overall Disclosure Index 72.04 54-82 50 Chapter 5: Conclusion This paper reports on the level of disclosure of a sample of Indian companies listed on the NSE by examining their annual reports. The study uses a transparency and disclosure (TD) index for determining the level of disclosure among listed Indian companies. The index is developed by assigning scores to 50 companies on pre-determined attributes; the study uses the binary scoring method. Using a dataset relating to listed companies for 2009-10, the study reveals that firms on average report 72% of the items compiled by SP to assess level of disclosure. The results of this study can be useful for investors to help them in gauging the level of disclosure by listed Indian companies. It will also be of interest to researchers, managers, regulators and market participants. The findings of this study must be interpreted in the light of the following limitations. Firstly, the sample used for this study is small in size and is composed of the largest and most followed companies on the National Stock Exchange and thus may not be representative of the population of Indian companies. Secondly, the index used to find the level of disclosure, is that which has been compiled by SP. No distinction has been made between compulsory and voluntary items of disclosure. Also, this study uses the unweighted or binary approach to measure the level of disclosure. Thus, if a company disclosed an item voluntarily, it did not get any extra score for that. Finally, the study gives at best a broad overview of the level and quality of disclosure among Indian companies since the results are based on the data of one year only and lacks longitudinal analysis. Further research is needed to evaluate the trends in the disclosure and also to assess if the level or quality of disclosu re has improved over time. Even with these limitations, there are some important contributions that this study makes. This study reports that the level of disclosure among Indian listed companies is quite high.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Pe

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Period 1798-1921 The Act of Union, 1801. Ireland was to be joined to Great Britain into a single kingdom, the Dublin parliament was to be abolished. Ireland was to be represented at Westminster (all were Anglicans), the Anglican Church was to be recognised as the official Church of Ireland, no Catholics were to be allowed to hold public office and there was to be no Catholic Emancipation. Immediately we can see from this that any form of opposition would be to destroy this act. Fundamentally it destroyed all catholic rights and forced them to renounce their Catholic faith and take on a Protestant one. In Ireland Daniel O'Connell developed a reputation for his radical political views. By the early 1920's the Irish people started to listen to O'Connell's views and he gathered a large group of supporters. O'Connell had many aims in his political career. O'Connell's goal was to repeal against the act of union. When the Act of Union was passed in 1801 it did not help the Irish. It simply brought problems and distrust to the Irish people. O'Connell organised a meeting to discuss the repeal of the Act of Union, three quarters of a million Irish turned up. They were known as 'Monster Meetings'. We can see that O'Connell successfully created an Irish nation movement and completely changed the British view of the Irish. The British now had a certain amount of respect for the Irish and even feared and threatened their movement. This support from the people could show us the later success that O'Connell has in his opposition, as a movement without opposition would ultimately ... ...d in the cruellest yet effective way possible. Collins achievements were many: he helped fight the British to a stalemate by changing the rules of warfare and setting up an intelligence network to rival the Empire's. He helped negotiate a treaty, which gave Ireland the first stepping stone to become a Republic, and oversaw Ireland's turbulent transition to democracy. His achievements were, however, not without a price. He precipitated the bloody War of Independence against the British and the treaty deal brought back from London split the country into two fiercely opposing halves and plunged the country into the throes of a traumatic civil war. Thus ultimately opposition needed to be well organised and have enough support to succeed, constitutional nationalism had this through its methods of working through the system.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Organizational Process Recommendation Paper

RUNNING HEADING: Organizational Process Recommendation Organizational Process Recommendation Paper University of Phoenix MGT 449 Mrs. Rebecca McHatton December 7, 2009 Quality International Textile Group is a diverse, innovative provider of global textile solutions and distinguished fabric brands to automotive, apparel, interior furnishing and industrial markets worldwide. While excellence is the common thread that weaves throughout Quality International Textile, it is the uniquely combined threads of a global manufacturing platform, innovative products, state-of-the-art systems, and a dynamic team of forward-thinking professionals that create unparalleled opportunities and competitive advantages for our customer partners. Quality improvement involves identifying discrepancies within organizational processes that may not run as effectively as possible. Many organizations find that a process is adequate for a time, but could function more effectively with some tweaking. An organization that strives for quality helps create an atmosphere based on teamwork and ensures that the entire organization will contribute to meeting the company’s ultimate goals. An effective evaluation process helps manage employees, offer suggestions, and a chance to set their career goals. The evaluation of an employee should have a positive influence on each individual employee regardless of the outcome. A major determinant of service quality centers on the people providing the service. Employee selection, training, motivation, supervision, and reward-all process relating to employees have a significant impact on quality. Burrill, 1999) Currently, there is no particular standardization for the process. Each manager evaluation process differs from another. Below is a â€Å"as is† flow chart of the current evaluation process that need to be analyzed. The description of the process is extremely limited because currently there is no strategic plan in place within t he entire process. Form the period that the self- evaluation is initiated until the time the management evaluates the employee can range any where from 1 month until one year. There is also no set timeframe when management discuses the employee evaluation until the time a pay increase is initiated. All raised vary from one manager to another, and there is no particular percentage set for pay increases regardless of the evaluation outcome. Therefore, there is no relation of the process to the organization’s strategic plan. This process of improvement would benefit the employee; it would also benefit customers, and the company as a whole. Effective quality management for an evaluation process would lead to higher productivity because employees would know and understand that their yearly salary increase would depend on their performance therefore, timely and systematic resolution of evaluations/ appraisals is important. An effective performance appraisal process would help the quality culture within the organization because employees would feel that their performance is significant to the company and its goals. Customers within the organization that are affected are office and field employees, suppliers, and customer. Initially a customer does not know if the service provided is good or bad, but an inefficient process for serving the customer can create a dad impression. The Fabric industry experiences the same business malfunctions as other companies. Therefore, the fabric industry should adapt the methods and ideas as other companies but many still have not adopted the Total Quality Management process. Those are the companies that will most likely experience increasing competition, rising legal cost related to cost overruns and schedule delays, and decreasing profit margins. (Cotinas, 1999). Several steps can be taken to ensure that metrics motivate process behaviors that increase customer value. The first is to identify and prioritize the customers served by the process. (Burrill, 1999). Although the process of employee evaluations does not directly involve customer service, it does have an effect on customers receiving services from the company’s employees. To hire an HR manager to perform create and perform appraisals to better adhere to each employees qualifications would be a great way to implement a change. The cause-and-effect diagram is a method for analyzing a process. The diagram’s purpose is to relate causes and effects. The cause and effect diagram can become complex and make it difficult to identify the problem, but it would be well worth it. If other all employees are allowed to help identify problems relating to the situation and provide a chronological view, that would be just what the company needed for restructuring of the company’s quality culture. Improvement process can vary and there are many tools to help organizations implement change. Seeking ideas and opinions from employees is one of the best techniques to identify whether or not any changes are necessary. References Achieving Quality through continual improvement . From University of Phoenix eBook library web site: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/ebooklibrary/content/eReader. hCortinas, D 1999

Friday, November 8, 2019

How to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin

How to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in West Virginia or Wisconsin. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. West VirginiaYou need a CDL if you are going to drive:Any vehicle combination with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001+ pounds, as long as the GVWR of the towed vehicle(s) is over 10,000 pounds. (Class A)A single vehicle with a GVRW of 26,001+ pounds; or  this vehicle towing another that is less than 10,000 pounds. (Class B)A vehicle with a weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds,  or such a vehicle towing another that is less than 10,000 pounds:  Vehicles that are designed for 16 passengers or more, including the driver, and  Vehicles used to transport hazardous materials.  (Class C)In order to obtain a CDL:You must be at least 18 years old and have 2 years of driving experience.You must  meet specific physical qualification standards and carry a medical certificate to show evidence of such qualification.If you are unable to become medically certified, you may be eligible for a medical waiver.The ExamsAll applicants must take either a written or oral knowledge test and pass  and answer at least 80% of the questions correctly.  You must test for the desired endorsements you have listed on the test card at the time you test for general knowledge, but you may get a test card for other endorsements at a later date if you wish to add them.If you fail the knowledge exam, you may not retest for 7 days. You may try to pass the exam three times on the original fees.After you pass the written exams, you will receive a commercial driver’s instruction permit. Only after you have your learner’s permit can you then take your road (skills) tests.After you pass your road tests, you can then receive your CDL.WisconsinIf you are going to drive any of the following vehicl es, you must obtain a CDL:Vehicles that weigh 26,000+ pounds, determined by the highest of the following:manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)manufacturer’s gross combination weight rating (GCWR) when the towed unit has a GVWR, registered weight, or gross weight of  10,000+ poundsactual weightregistered weightA vehicle carrying hazardous materials that require placarding under federal lawA vehicle designed or used to carry 16+ people, including the driverThe ExamsFirst, you must take and pass the appropriate knowledge test(s) for the vehicle you plan to drive.CDL knowledge tests are free, and take take at least 1 to 1.5 hours to complete. You must answer  80%+ questions correctly to pass.  You must present a valid Class D license at the time of testing.After you pass the knowledge exam, you can obtain your  Commercial Driver Learner permit (CLP).  Your CLP will be valid for 180 days. You can use a  CLP to practice driving with a qualified instru ctor or CDL driver  who has  a valid license at or above the level of your permit.You must hold a CLP  for 14 days prior to taking your road test(s).After you schedule and pass the pre-trip, backing test and skills test(s) with an approved third party tester, you can receive your CDL.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Who Really Was Mary Magdalene

of choice, wouldn’t you say? That’s when Jesus replied saying not to cling to him until He ascends to the heavens. He tells her to tell the disciples of the resurrection. Mary then goes to see the disciples. Mary Magdalene announced to the disciples, "I have seen the Lord." In other scriptures, her name is first in the list of witnesses. Mary Magdalene was the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Tradition has labeled her a prostitute, but there is nothing in the Bible to support this view and too much to dispute it. The only problem is that it turns out that she wasn't bad, just interpreted that way. See a prostitute was almost any women not married (or if married not rented out or sold) or working for the high class people. Mary Ma... Free Essays on Who Really Was Mary Magdalene Free Essays on Who Really Was Mary Magdalene Who really was Mary Magdalene? Apparently her status in early Christianity was high. The Bible gives us clues about her importance. After his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene not Peter, according to the Gospel of John. In this scene there are many things that may reveal that Mary was a lot more than a follower. She was scene to be the wife, according to her words. On Easter Sunday morning, she visits Jesus' sepulcher, either alone or with other women, and discovers it empty. Then she is solo at the empty tomb. Mary Magdalene asks the gardener â€Å"where have you taken his body and I will go and remove it†. Only the spouse would have been allowed to do such a thing back around this time. Clearly Jesus and Mary had a special relationship. That’s when the gardener (Jesus) calls her by her first name â€Å"Mary† which again only the spouse of a woman could call a woman by her first name, because it was disrespectful. Otherwise you were supposed to refer to a woman as woman. Up until now Mary did not recognize the man she spoke with, it was when Jesus said her name she recognized his voice and ran to cling to him saying Rabooni, meaning my love: intimate words of choice, wouldn’t you say? That’s when Jesus replied saying not to cling to him until He ascends to the heavens. He tells her to tell the disciples of th e resurrection. Mary then goes to see the disciples. Mary Magdalene announced to the disciples, "I have seen the Lord." In other scriptures, her name is first in the list of witnesses. Mary Magdalene was the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Tradition has labeled her a prostitute, but there is nothing in the Bible to support this view and too much to dispute it. The only problem is that it turns out that she wasn't bad, just interpreted that way. See a prostitute was almost any women not married (or if married not rented out or sold) or working for the high class people. Mary Ma...

Monday, November 4, 2019

2. List and describe the four types of healing Essay

2. List and describe the four types of healing - Essay Example Healers are gifted sense of the â€Å"sacred world† and have ties with spiritual force. Generally speaking, healing is less expensive than physicians. There are four types of healing that are vital towards rehabilitation and recuperation. The four basic types of healing consist of: forgiveness, inner healing of memories, physical healing, and breaking strongholds. Forgiveness is one of the most vital aspects that enable individuals to ponder deeply in thought about their actions. Forgiveness is part of inner healing since the cause of suffering is a personal sin. The main antidote for forgiveness is not only repentance but to understand that all humans sin. The second most basic type of healing consists of inner healing. Inner healing consists of realizing that humans are not control of all aspects of life. Inner healing is vital as it enables an individual to reach inner peace within themselves without always thinking about atoning for their sins. Inner healing consists of understanding an issue and admitting that you as a person tried your best to achieve your goal. Life is filled with obstacles and trials that will continue to challenge individuals. When a personal suffers from emotional illness, inner healing is utilized. The main foundation of the problem of is the fact that humans are unconscious about not forgiving. This holistic approach should aim to heal a person’s memory. Conducive holistic health directory offers a variety of holistic  healing therapies. Some individuals have always been victims of physical, social, and emotional abuse. The inner healing process is complicated and very sensitive as it strives to re store the emotional health of the person. The third type of healing is physical healing. Physical healing also include inner healing power, support from peers. However, physical healing can also mean having proper nutrition, taking healthy supplements, and any other

Saturday, November 2, 2019

I Am the Good Shepherd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

I Am the Good Shepherd - Essay Example In response Jesus passed judgment on the Pharisees and on the temple itself. Later Jesus and his disciples see a man who was blind from birth. When the disciples asked Jesus if it was the sins of this man or his parents that made this man blind, Jesus responded by saying that neither of this was the case and that this man was born blind so that God’s works might be displayed in him (Jn 9:3). Jesus then restores the sight of this man, thereby giving a sign that bears witness to his claim of being the light of the world. This sign pointed to something beyond itself to reveal who and what Jesus was and what he habitually did (Morris 1989). The Pharisees however condemn this act and state that this man was born in sin (Jn 9:34) which was in complete opposition to what Jesus had said that neither this man nor his parents sinned. They continued to question the man who was healed from his blindness about the manner in which Jesus healed him and tried to disprove that Jesus was sent f rom God. The Pharisees then threw out the blind man from the temple whom Christ had healed (Jn 9:34). Hearing about these discussions Jesus condemns the Pharisees and accused them of being spiritually blind – a condition that is far worse than being physically blind. In John 10 Jesus puts the events of John 9 into perspective by stating that He is the good shepherd who is willing to lay down his life for His sheep. Jesus calls himself as the good shepherd who operates with love and compassion to meet the needs of people and contrasts it with the Pharisees whom he identifies as the evil shepherds who have consistently worked to scatter the sheep of God by their rigid religious rules and regulations, preventing people from encountering the love of God. Jesus separates himself from religious teachers as he invites people to enter into a deep personal relationship with Him as the chief shepherd who takes care of their needs and lays down His life for their eternal salvation (Whit acre 1999) In John 10, Jesus portrays a scene from the village where shepherds take care of their sheep to illustrate the relationship He has with His children. The shepherd has a distinct voice and calls each sheep by its name, which the sheep are familiar with. On hearing this call the sheep can easily separate themselves from the rest of the flocks and follow their shepherd. The sheep respond only to the voice of their shepherd who typically walks ahead of the flock, guiding them to green pastures and protecting them from any possible danger. Jesus says that He knows His sheep and His sheep know Him (Jn 10:14). He also contrasts the good shepherd who promises a life of abundance with the thieves and robbers who are out to steal, kill and destroy the sheep (Jn 10:7). He goes on to contrast the good shepherd who will risk his life to protect his sheep with a hired man who would leave the sheep behind and run away when a wolf comes to attack because he does not care about them (Jn 1 0:12-13). In the Old Testament, leaders like Moses and David were often referred to as shepherds. Ps 77:20 records that â€Å"you led your people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron†. Again, in Ps 78:70-72 and Ez 34: 23 David is referred to as a shepherd who tended the people of Israel with integrity of heart and skillful hands. Ps 23 is one of the well known scriptures in the entire Bible which portrays the image of

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Essay

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction - Essay Example Based on this research performance related pay pertains to such a system that relates the rewards extended to an employee to the overall performance of the organization in which that employee serves. The purpose of performance related pays is to motivate the employees. The other big objective behind the performance related pay is to synchronize and align the performance of the employees to the overall aims and objectives of the organization in which they work. Though, the performance related pay is mostly financial, but sometimes it could also happen to be non-financial. The payments made under performance related pay schemes are usually in addition to the actual pay that an employee gets. This makes the employees appreciate the fact that the rewards one gets for ones performance are not invariable and rather tend to be variable and separate. Many a times the augmentation in an employee’s annual basic salary could also happen to be related to one’s performance. Performa nce related pay helps the organizations retain the employees who have attained the top rank in relation to their pay scale and are still accruing an outstanding performance. In the present context, when the organizations are getting much flatter, the organizations are bound to abound in the employees who come under this category. Further, the opportunities for extending promotions in the flatter organizations happen to be much less as compared to the multi layered organizations of the past. Hence, the performance related pay is one viable method of improving employee performance and extending job satisfaction. Common Types of Performance Pay Over the last two decades, there has been a considerable rise in the performance related pay systems (Beardwell 1996, p. 148). Though the performance related pay system was more common in the private sector, there is no denying the fact that many public sector organizations are also evincing a gradual shift towards performance related pay system s (Beardwell 1996, p. 148). The best thing about performance related pay systems is that they link the payments made to the employees, to the group, individual or organizational performance (White & Druker 2000). The organizations resort to a wide array of performance pay systems, yet, the primary assumption behind all such systems is that the opportunity to get an enhanced pay will motivate the employees to work better and will positively impact their productivity (White & Druker 2000). Piecework is the oldest form of performance pay system which links the payment made to an employee to the units of output produced by one (Bassett 1993, p. 3). This motivates the employee to work harder and better, as the production of optimal number of high quality productivity units is bound to be reflected in one’s pay slip. A payment by results is one other major performance pay system, where the